50 Examples of Universal and Particular Propositions

In logic it is considered that the universal propositions are statements that provide information about a set of elements. For example: Dogs bark.Instead, the particular propositions They are statements that express something about a part of a set. For example: Some dogs bark only when they are with strangers.

The propositions are declarative statements, because they affirm that an entity does or does not possess a characteristic and can be true or false. For this reason, they differ from other types of statements, such as wishful thinking, the interrogative and exhortations.

Depending on the amount, the propositions can be:

• universal propositions. They are declarative statements that refer to the whole of a set. For example: Shoes are used for sports.
• particular propositions. They are declarative statements that refer to a part of the set. For example: Some shoes are used to play soccer.

Furthermore, if quality is taken into account, these two types of propositions can be:

• affirmative propositions
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  . They are those in which predicate it is affirmed that an entity (referred to in the subject) possesses a characteristic or property. For example: The slippers have soles.(universal proposition) / Some sneakers are canvas.(particular proposition)
• negative propositions. They are those whose predicate denies that an entity (referred to in the subject) possesses a characteristic or property. For example:The shoes do not have heels.(universal proposition) / Some shoes do not have laces. (particular proposition)

• See also: Types of propositions

Examples of Universal Propositions

Examples of affirmative universal propositions

1. Dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago.
2. Flamingos migrate.
3. The glasses are fragile.
4. All living things are mortal.
5. Thermometers measure temperature.
6. The formal sciences use the deductive method.
7. Elephants have very big ears.
8. The planets of the solar system revolve around the Sun.
9. Languages ​​are constantly evolving.
10. Solid materials have a definite shape.
11. Trees have roots.
12. Horses have four legs.
13. Magnets have a positive pole and a negative pole.
14. Human beings have thirty-two teeth.
15. Mirrors reflect images.
16. Cheeses are dairy.
17. Mammals take care of their young.

Examples of Negative Universal Propositions

1. Invertebrate animals do not have bones or backbones.
2. Whole numbers do not have decimals.
3. Arachnids do not have antennae.
4. Tomatoes are not vegetables.
5. Polar bears are not brown.
6. Cats do not eat plants.
7. Waterproof materials do not let water through.
8. Plateaus are not mountains.
9. Plastics are not good conductors of heat.
10. Butterflies are not mammals.
11. Antibiotics do not fight infections caused by viruses.
12. Avant-garde writers did not follow rules to compose their poems.
13. Cell phones don't work without a battery.
14. Leopards do not live in packs.
15. The short films do not last more than 40 minutes.
16. The exams to enter the university are not easy.
17. Viruses are not living beings.

Examples of particular propositions

Examples of affirmative particular propositions

1. Some roses are red.
2. Some herbivorous animals feed on animal protein.
3. Some animals are viviparous.
4. Some ovens are electric.
5. Some fish live in salt water and fresh water.
6. Some Spanish verbs are defective, that is, they are only conjugated in some people.
7. Some years are leap years.
8. Some breads are made without yeast.
9. Some dogs are small.
10. Some materials are more resistant to changes in temperature.
11. Some days have less sunlight.
12. Some countries have kings.
13. Some pillows are feather.
14. Some creams are hypoallergenic.
15. Some countries have more than one official language.
16. Some cats are three colors.
17. Some clothing items are made from recycled materials.

Examples of Negative Particular Propositions

1. Some snakes are not poisonous.
2. Some plants do not photosynthesize.
3. Some plastics cannot be recycled.
4. Some countries are landlocked.
5. Some months do not have thirty-one days.
6. Some people do not eat dairy.
7. Some birds do not fly.
8. Some ancient civilizations did not have a writing system.
9. Some flowers do not grow in spring.
10. Some planets do not have moons.
11. Some scientific theories are not proven.
12. Some fuels are not derived from petroleum.
13. Some movies don't last more than an hour.
14. Some foods do not expire.
15. Some animals do not have eyes.
16. Some parks do not have trees.
17. Some planets are not rocky.

Interactive test to practice

Follow with:

• simple and compound propositions
• premises
• arguments
• Arguments with premises and conclusions
• Deductive and inductive arguments
• logical sentences

References

• Copy Irving, M. (1999). Introduction to logic. eudeba.
• Stebbing, S. (1965). Introduction to modern logic. Fund of Economic Culture.