10 Examples of Cohesive Resources

The cohesive resources are elements and linguistic procedures that allow a writing to have cohesion, that is, they keep the different parts of a text connected and related.

Cohesion produces that a text has informative and thematic unity, because it is a tool that makes it possible for words, ideas, prayers and the paragraphs are integrated and have continuity.

For this reason, it is essential to use the different cohesive resources so that a text or a speech makes sense, is logical and coherent, is correctly structured and can be understood with ease.

• It can help you: Adequacy, coherence and cohesion

Cohesive Resource Types

There are different types of cohesive resources:

• Reference. It consists of using different pronouns, Like the personal, the demonstratives and the possessive, in order to avoid repetition of a word. There are two types of reference:

• anaphoric reference. In this type of reference, the pronoun replaces a word found backwards in the text. For example: Juan writes his books and the editor the correct.(the pronoun "them" replaces "their books")
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• cataphoric reference. In this type of reference, the pronoun substitutes for a word that is found forward in the text. For example: All they attended dinner; John, Peter and Lucas.(the pronoun “everyone” replaces “Juan, Pedro and Lucas”)

• Substitution. It consists of replacing a word or an expression with another. For example: I have to change the car I will when I have money.(“I will” replaces “change the car”)
• Ellipse. It consists of eliminating words or constructions to avoid their repetition. For example: Sofia investigates the behavior of chimpanzees. Sonia, photosynthesis.(the verb “research” was removed and replaced by a comma)
• Reiteration. It consists of repeating or relating words or referring to one term with another. There are different types of repetition:

• Repetition. The same term is repeated. Generally, it is recommended to avoid repeating a word in a sentence. For example: The living beings They are those that are born and then die and that have a complex organic structure. There is a large number of living beings, some of them are plants, mammals, fish, birds, microorganisms and fungi.

• Use of synonyms. The synonym of a word is used, that is, a term that has the same meaning, but is written differently. For example: This car is very fast, is the most fast From the market. (“fast” and “fast” are synonymous)
• Use of antonyms. The antonym of a word is used, that is, a term that has an opposite meaning. For example: This procedure is the better and the one that was used before was the worse.(“better” and “worse” are antonyms)
• Use of hypernyms. Words are used whose meaning encompasses that of others. For example: The roses They do not grow well in winter due to low temperatures. Therefore, it is easier to get a bouquet of these flowers in spring and in summer. (“flowers” ​​is a hyperonym of “roses”)
• Use of hyponyms. Words whose meaning is covered by another are used. For example: My neighbor adopted a Dalmatian, because she always wanted to have one of these dogs.(“Dalmatian” is a hyponym for “dogs”)
• Use of words of the same semantic field. Words whose meanings are related to each other are used. For example: The covered they are of fashion in this season. (“covered” and “fashion” belong to the same semantic field)
• Use of paraphrase. A statement or a word is reformulated using different terms, but which have a similar meaning to the original. For example:the house of his childhood It was huge and she fondly remembered the place that was his childhood home. (“The place that was his childhood home” is a paraphrase of “his childhood home.”)

• Use of connectors. It consists of using words that relate and link terms, ideas, sentences and paragraphs. For example:Sergio was born in Madrid, but now lives in Seville.
• grammatical mechanisms. It consists of relating words through the concordance that exists between the nouns and the articles, the pronouns or the adjectives and between subject and verb. For example: The red house has yellow tiles.(the noun “casa” agrees in gender [feminine] and number [singular] with the article “la” and with the adjective “roja” and in person [third] and number [singular] with the verb “has” and the noun “tejas” agrees in gender [feminine] and number [plural] with the adjective “yellow”)

Examples of Cohesive Resources

1. Distance education is a recent way of teaching and is characterized by the fact that teachers connect with students virtually. This innovative way of teaching allows more people to access courses, university degrees, master's degrees, among others. However, many specialists in the subject maintain that face-to-face education is essential in the compulsory levels (initial, primary and high school) and that cannot be replaced by education digital.

• Words from the same semantic field: Distance education, classes, teachers, students, teaching, face-to-face education, courses, university degrees, master's degrees, initial, primary, high school and digital education.
• Paraphrase: “this innovative way of teaching” and “digital education” are paraphrases of “distance education”.
• connectors: However, and.

1. Mammals are animals whose main quality is that they raise their offspring. It is estimated that there are around 5,500 species of this class of living beings, such as bears, elephants and dogs.
   Although they have many differences, mammals share many characteristics, for example, they have a backbone, teeth and ears and are homeothermic.

• Repetition: "mammals" is repeated.
• hypernyms: “animals” is a hyperonym of “mammals”.
• hyponyms: “bears”, “elephants” and “dogs” are hyponyms for “mammals”.
• Words from the same semantic field: Mammals, animals, species, living beings, bears, elephants, dogs and homeotherms.
• connectors: And, as, despite, for example.

1. The president of the Chamber of Architects yesterday gave a conference in which she said that it was necessary to start building in a sustainable way. In addition, she proposed that the building should innovate in the use of materials with low environmental impact and that it was essential that apartments, houses and offices were efficient in relation to consumption energetic.

• anaphoric reference: The pronoun “she” refers to “the president of the Chamber of Architects”.
• Words from the same semantic field: Build, sustainable, building, materials with low environmental impact, apartments, houses, offices, efficient and energy consumption.
• connectors: And also.

1. The company ensures that home automation is a technology that in the coming years will be found in most homes. For this reason, the company is investigating the improvement of home automation.

• synonyms: “business” and “company” and “households” and “home” are synonymous.
• Paraphrase: “home automation” is a paraphrase of “home automation”.
• Words from the same semantic field: Home automation, homes and home automation.
• connector: That's why.

1. The specialists in marketing They maintain that companies that invest in advertising have a greater chance of obtaining better sales. In any case, designing an advertising campaign with a good impact is not an easy task, since a very organized strategy is needed to do it well.

• Substitution: “do it” replaces “design an advertising campaign with a good impact”.
• Words from the same semantic field: Marketing, companies, advertising, sales and publicity campaign.
• connectors: Anyway, since.

1. Traffic congestion is a problem that affects many people who live in big cities. Its causes are the lack of special lanes for public transport, the circulation of a excessive number of private cars, the little synchronization of the traffic lights, among others. Its consequences are environmental, visual and acoustic pollution, stress, respiratory problems and other inconveniences related to physical and mental health.

• anaphoric reference: The pronouns “their” refer to “vehicular congestion”.
• Words from the same semantic field: Traffic congestion, special lanes, public transport, private cars and traffic lights.

1. In this province, agricultural activities have been practiced for several decades, because it is an area conducive to the production of different types of food. Although thirty years ago cattle ranching predominated, nowadays the development of farming is more common. agriculture, since 70% of the fields are devoted to the cultivation of wheat, barley, soybeans, sunflowers and corn.

• Words from the same semantic field: Agricultural activities, production of different foods, livestock, agriculture, fields, cultivation, wheat, barley, soybeans, sunflowers and corn.
• connectors: Because, although, since, and.

1. There are different objects and practices that originated in ancient civilizations and are still used today. In ancient Mesopotamia, the wheel, writing and mass agricultural production arose; in ancient Egypt, the construction of canals, the calendar and knowledge related to mathematics; in ancient Greece, democracy and different scientific and artistic knowledge; and in ancient Rome, the basis of the law of contemporary societies, concrete and roads.

• Ellipse: In different fragments of the text the verb “arise” is elided.
• Words from the same semantic field: Ancient civilizations, ancient Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
• connector: AND.

1. In this day and age, more and more people are using social media. For this reason, specialists in marketing explain that it is logical that the number of advertisements has increased on these interaction platforms and that it has decreased in other communication sectors, such as the mass media.

• Paraphrase: “these interaction platforms” is a paraphrase of “social networks”.
• antonyms: "has increased" and "has decreased" are antonyms.
• Words from the same semantic field: Social networks, marketing, advertising, interaction platforms, communication sectors and mass media.
• connectors: For that, and, how.

1. Recycling programs consisting of several stages have been implemented in different parts of the country. In the first place, it is encouraged that organic waste be separated from recyclables (paper, cardboard, glass, plastics and metals) in homes and offices. Secondly, the garbage collection system is organized in such a way that the garbage is taken organic waste to landfills and recyclables to special plants, where they are separated according to their characteristics. Finally, these materials are sent to a treatment center, where different processes are carried out so that they can later be used in various industries.

• anaphoric reference: The pronoun "the" refers to "recyclable waste" and the pronoun "them" refers to "materials".
• Repetition: The terms “organic waste” and “recyclable” are repeated.
• Paraphrase: “materials” is a paraphrase of “recyclables”.
• Words from the same semantic field: Recycling programs, organic waste, recyclables, paper, cardboard, glass, plastics, metals, garbage collection system, landfills, special plants and treatment center.
• connectors: Firstly, secondly, finally, and.

Interactive test to practice

Follow with:

• textual markers
• vices of language
• development of a text
• paragraphs and sentences

References

• Cristina Bolívar, A., and Díaz Blanca, L. (2008). Cohesive resources and structure of opinion articles. sapiens. University Research Journal, 9(2),167-185. [date of Consultation June 13, 2022]. ISSN: 1317-5815. Available in: redalyc
• cohesion. (s.f.). Available in: Cetis7