04/07/2021
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Example of Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Cyclics
Chemistry / / July 04, 2021
a) Alkanes.
They have SP3 hybridization.
General formula: CHnH 2n + 2
N = number of carbons.
EXAMPLE OF ALCANE:
Methane: CH 4 where all four single bonds are occupied by hydrogens.
Properties:
• C1 to C4 are gases.
• C5 to C15 are liquid.
• C16 onwards are solid.
• They are not soluble in H2OR.
• They are combustible.
• They give substitution reactions.
b) Alkenes.
They have SP2 hybridization.
General formula: Cn H2n
EXAMPLE OF ALKENE:
Ethene: CH 2 = CH 2` where the double bond is linking the two carbons and the single bonds are occupied by hydrogens.
Properties (edit)
• They are insoluble in H2OR
• They are soluble in benzene, ether and chloroform.
• They are less dense in water.
• They present addition, substitution and degradation reactions.
• Your double ligature breaks easily.
c) Alkynes.
They have SP hybridization.
General formula: CnH 2n-2 * Single triple ligation
EXAMPLE OF ALKINES:
Ethine: HC = CH, where the triple bond is found joining the carbons and the only single bond that each carbon has, is occupied by hydrogens.
f) Cyclic hydrocarbons.
They are the hydrocarbons that instead of having an open chain, are configured in a ring.
Its properties are similar to those of open chain, however the boiling point and its density are higher as those of the corresponding alkanes. They give the same substitution reactions as open chain ones. In these compounds the ring can be destroyed with some addition reactions and this occurs easily with cyclopropane and cyclobutane
d) Aromatic hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene and those compounds that behave similarly to it. Unlike aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes and alkynes), which have a tendency to form free radicals (homolytic breakdown of the bonding electron pair), benzene hydrocarbons have a tendency to give reactions of ionic substitution.
Structure of benzene.
• The molecular formula is C6H6.
• It has three non-localized double bonds that are constantly changing places due to the phenomenon of resonance.
At present it is thought that benzene is a structure not with two forms in resonance but with all possible ones; therefore there is a hybrid in resonance where the three pairs of conjugated electrons are moving with an extraordinary speed, so that the molecule is stabilized in such a way that benzene does not react as a simple alkene that gives addition reactions, but rather gives reactions of substitution.
Nomenclature
Alkanes The first four terms in the series have common names: methane, ethane, propane, butane. The names of the higher terms depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain: the Latin prefix is used to indicate the number of carbons and the ending anus is added.
For example, a 10-carbon alkane is called a decane.
Alkenos. They retain the same names of the corresponding alkanes in the carbon number and only change the ending anus to ene.
Alkynes. The ending eno (of alkenes) is changed to no and if necessary its position in the chain is indicated with a number.
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04/07/2021